Assessment of Technoeconomic Opportunities in Automation for Nuclear Microreactors

Achieving full decarbonization of all economic sectors remains a challenge, especially in niche markets. For example, remote communities and industrial or mining activities detached from the main electric grid heavily rely on fossil fuels, similar to urban and industrial microgrids with combined heat and power needs. A combination of renewables and energy storage is often not suitable due to cost, reliability, intermittency, and large storage requirements. Small nuclear reactors with a flexible purpose could serve these applications. Microreactors (MR) are a class of reactors that are compact, factory manufactured, transportable, and self-regulating. Typically, they generate much less power than their large reactor counterparts. The main advantages of microreactors include the versatile nature of the energy produced, the reliability of supply, and freedom from having to transport and store large quantities of fuels on-site, coupled with the absence of dependence on an electrical grid. A strong business case is needed to move from the microreactor prototype to the commercialization phase. In fact, fossil fuels are still relatively inexpensive, and in the near term, carbon credits will be available to virtually compensate for emissions. For microreactors, one of the main costs in operation and maintenance (O&M) is their staffing levels. In this study, we investigate how to optimize the number (and thus the cost) of workers, moving from a traditional, fully manned, on-site personnel approach to an unmanned, remote personnel approach. We examine four different staffing models that can be implemented as the technology matures and evolves. We estimate the staffing needs of each model and build a business case to justify the substitution of on-site personnel with adequate technologies. To do so, we propose a cost model to quantify potential cost reductions from automating O&M activities. The model accounts for both the reduction in cost derived from the reduced number of f. Authors: de Candido, Isabel Naranjo [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000250468221); Al Rashdan, Ahmad [Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000296823137); Jaoude, Abdalla Abou [Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000330228463); Buongiorno, Jacopo [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000227349275). DOE Contract: AC07-05ID14517. Subjects: 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY; Automation; Economics; Microreactors