Multiphoton and Harmonic Imaging of Microarchitected Materials

Microadditive manufacturing has revolutionized the production of complex, nano- to microscale components across various fields. This work investigates two-photon (2P) and three-photon (3P) fluorescence imaging, as well as third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy, to examine periodic microarchitected lattice structures fabricated using multiphoton lithography (MPL). By immersing the structures in refractive index matching fluids, we demonstrate high-fidelity 3D reconstructions of both fluorescent structures using 2P and 3P microscopy as well as low-fluorescence structures using THG microscopy. These results show that multiphoton fluorescence (MPF) imaging offers reduced signal decay with respect to depth compared to single-photon techniques in the examined structures. We further demonstrate the ability to nondestructively identify intentional internal modifications of the structure that are not immediately visible with scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and compression-induced fractures, highlighting the potential of these techniques for quality control and defect detection in microadditively manufactured components.. Authors: Blankenship, Brian W. [University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000342126835); Pan, Daisong [University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)]; Kyriakou, Eudokia [Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Crete (Greece); University of Crete, Heraklion (Greece)]; Zyla, Gordon [Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH-IESL), Crete (Greece)] (ORCID:0000000182021574); Meier, Timon [University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000900096572680X). DOE Contract: SC0021986. Subjects: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; additive manufacturing; chemical structure; defects; fluorescence; fluorescence imaging; layers; manufacturing; microarchitected materials; multiphoton imaging; polymers; two-photon polymerization